'History of Corrections Essay\r'

'The de officement of corrections corpse in the States began mostly with the arrival of William Penn and his â€Å"Great Law.” This was okay in 1682; the â€Å"Great Law” was based on forgiving principals and in addition localiseed on hard aim as a punishment. The corrections system in reality began to take hold in North the States in the late 1700’s with the idea’s and philosophy of Beccaria, Bentham, and Howard. These philosophies were based on the thought that prison houseers could be treated and put righted endorse into society. This hard job was employ as an alternative to some other evil mildews of punishments that were used in earlier times much(prenominal)(prenominal) as physical abuse or correct brutal death.\r\nIn 1790 came the birth of the Penitentiary in Philadelphia. The punitory was diametric than other systems in that it separated prisoners, â€Å" …isolated from the bad influences of society and one from some oth er so that, while engaged in rich constancy, they could reflect on their past miss-deeds…and be reformed,” (Clear, Cole, Reisig). The Ameri tin penitentiary and its in the buff cin one casept was observed and follow by other foreign countries. The Pennsylvania system of the penitentiary was based on inmate isolation so that they could ponder their past behavioral choices. In this system the inmates were confined to labor on their own. In New York they had a incompatible system, k straightwayn as the Auburn system. This system differed from the Pennsylvania system because inmates would pay back together during the day to do their rub down and labor but were otherwise held in isolation.\r\nIn the proterozoic 1900’s a group of progressives sought to reform the sorts of the corrections system. Their ideas abtaboo the cause of outlaw offence were to a greater extent than centered around the social, economic, and psychological pressures on people. The progr essives brought up programs that were discussed in 1870 at the Cincinnati meeting. These programs included probation, parole, and other inconclusive convicts that are still used in corrections today.\r\nAs we can see the penitentiary system has changed over the years. As we advance and nail more as a society, we are qualified to fine tune these programs for completely in all parties involved. Overall, the key head up of all of these systems and the ultimate get is human beings safety. keeping our people safe and moving in a peaceful direction is essential to our society.\r\nGoals of Corrections\r\nThe corrections system in the U.S. has five main goals when relations with lamentable sanctions. Originally the system had four main goals: Retribution, Deterrence, Incapacitation, and Rehabilitation. Later on there was much focus placed on a fifth goal: recuperative and Community Justice. These goals are designed to be effective toward different qualitys of shepherds cr ooks and a combination may be used in some(prenominal) another(prenominal) cases.\r\nRetribution, in addition known as Deserved Punishment, is much wish well the old saying â€Å"an eye for an eye, a as well asth for a tooth”(Clear, Cole, Reisig). Basically this is a punishment where the severity of the sentence should fit the severity of the curse. If a criminal has do wrong to someone then they deserve to tang that same wrong doing.\r\n in that respect are both roles of Deterrence used in corrections. The first is comely a general deterrence, which is a method of use punishments and making them visible to the public with the goal of deterring others in the public from wanting to air crime. Public hangings were once used as this type of deterrence. The other type is directed toward the criminal in hopes that they ordain not repeat crimes in the future. The punishment is to be flagitious enough to discourage any future criminal activity. This type is called Sp ecific Deterrence. â€Å"Deterrence theory contends that if the public knows the consequences of deviance, many individuals bequeath not commit a crime” (Long).\r\nIncapacitation is typically on a lower floorstood as the detainment of a criminal. The goal of incapacitation is to keep criminals from being able to commit further crimes. There are several different ways of using incapacitation. Reducing the movement and thing of a criminal in society will hopefully reduce crime on the streets. â€Å"… incapacitation focuses on the characteristics of the offenders instead of the characteristics of the offenses”(Clear, Cole, Reisig).\r\nRehabilitation is more of a alterative method to help the criminal ditch crime and become a constructive member in society. â€Å"Rehabilitation involves teaching inmates silks and trades that will, hopefully, give them a destiny to become law-abiding citizens once they are released from prison” (Long). This method is looke d at as more of a treatment than a punishment, to guide the criminal to begin better choices and live a better life.\r\nRestorative or Community Justice is a jolly new creation. It is aimed more at securenessing damages caused by the crime to the dupe(s) and the community involved. In this method the victim lays out conditions for the offender and what is necessary to help repair any losses. The community provides assistance to help quicken the offender to the community. Some say that this method can be dangerous and bypasses accredited safeguards.\r\nThe goals of corrections are solid efforts to reduce crime. There are many improvements that could be made. As we learn and test these methods, they invite to be fine tuned and have the bugs worked out. If something isn’t workings in the appropriate way it needs to be addressed and refocused. I opine that many of these goals will become weak and maybe overlooked with the new AB 109 bill and other reforms currently takin g place in California Corrections.\r\nPrison Sanctions\r\nThere are common chord types of sentencing structures used in the corrections system. Each type leaves some discretion for the guess and varies on the goals for the criminal. The different methods used are called: indeterminate sentences, determinate sentences, and mandatary sentences.\r\nIndeterminate sentences go in line with the idea of rehabilitation. These sentences usually have a minimum and a maximum term. It is a range of mountains and the courts use this range to deter exploit parole and it is more or less based on the amount of time devoted for a treatment program. The purpose behind this form of sentencing is incapacitation, deterrence and rehabilitation.\r\nDeterminate sentencing is quite the opposite from indeterminate, and then the name. This sentencing structure follows the concept of retribution mainly. Retribution is a deserved punishment, so basically the offender is granted a length of sentence based on the crime that was committed. It is a fixed sentence that goes with the specialised crime committed. After the offender has served his time he is then released and is free to go without any parole or program ties.\r\nThe third sentencing structure is mandatory sentencing. This structure is based on the crime committed. It has a minimum time distributor point attached to certain crimes that the government deems fit. This type of sentencing does not take into explanation the different circumstances of the crime but solo looks at the crime itself. â€Å"The ‘three strikes and you’re out’ laws, now adopted by several states and the federal official government, provide one example of mandatory sentencing”(Clear, Cole, Reisig). The purpose behind these sentences is incapacitation and deterrence.\r\nThe sentencing structures are all a office different. I am not sure if I can say for sure that I outfit with any one more than another. I think the best way may be a cracking mix between indeterminate and mandatory. I do agree with the idea of the rehabilitation concept to an extent but the severity of some crimes should perfectly be accompanied with a minimum period to ensure some justice.\r\nProbation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions\r\nProbation, Parole, and Intermediate sanctions all seem to stem from correspondent concepts and ideas. Each of these forms of punishment seems to be a way of easing the harsh criminal laws for certain offenders in some cases. They were all developed in order to provide different means to support the offenders’ restoration in society.\r\nProbation, which began with tail end Augustus in 1841, allows the offender to serve out a punishment in the community while under supervision rather than be sent to prison. conjuring trick Augustus is known as the first probation officer. He began by helping people with bail back in Boston in the 1830s. It was introduced as a way to â€Å"… allevi ate the harshness of the criminal law” (Clear, Cole, Reisig). It is now a form of sentencing that includes investigation and supervision and is used in every state today.\r\nCaptain horse parsley Maconochie, who I believe is actually an ancestor of mine but will need to do more research, created a system back in the middle 1800s that would reward prisoners based on their good behavior. He developed stages that prisoners could go through based on their conduct that were like steps to freedom. He is the make of the concept behind what we call parole today. His staged system was to gauge the offenders willingness to accept society’s rules much like parole is supervision back into society with a set of rules. This system is also a way to ease the intensity of criminal law for those with good conduct.\r\nIntermediate Sanctions came about a bit later but for very similar reasons. Some expressed these reasons as: â€Å"… imprisonment is too restrictive for many offen ders, traditional probation does not work with most offenders, and justice is well served by having woofs in between” (Clear, Cole, Reisig). These were other ways of softening the criminal laws for offenders based on certain circumstances. These intermediate sanctions were aimed at lower risk offenders as a type of rehabilitation effort. The different intermediate sanctions include programs such as: community service, restitution, home confinement, boot camp, and more.\r\nI would have to agree with the basis of all three of these programs. I think that there are many offenders that would fare well in these types of sentences. However, these are more for the lower risk type offenders that have shown good conduct and that may have a vista in becoming a functioning part of society. There are many other higher(prenominal) risk offenders that do not deserve the option of these sanctions. It is better for the safety of the public that these sentences are super monitored and that the offenders are ready to be placed back in society.\r\n'