Explain how the relationship between the dose of drug given to an Essay

Explain how the human relationship between the dose of medicate given to an individual and the concentration of medicine molecules - Essay ExampleThese factors argon discussed in more detail below, based on the description of Goodman, et al. (2011, ch. 2). The characteristics of the drug molecule itself that affect the drugs concentration at the receptor site include its molecular sizing, degree of ionization, lipid solubility, and its proportion for serum and tissue proteins. The plasma membrane (of skin or intestinal cellular telephones, for example) is a common breastwork to drug distribution drugs that are not lipid soluble give not be adequate to(p) to permeate the membrane and not strain the target site. A drug of small molecular size will travel more easily through the membranes than a larger molecule, reaching the target in higher concentrations. Ionized molecules, and those that bind to proteins, also have difficulties in passing through the membrane. If the drug h as a tendency to ionize at the pH of the intestinal lm or the blood, the ionized form will have difficulty passing through lipid plasma membranes. If the drug interacts with conveyer proteins on the cell membrane, its uptake into the cell may be increased or decreased, depending on the direction in which the transporter moves the drug. For example, the P-glycoprotein in enterocytes limits the oral absorption of some cancer chemotherapeutic agents by exporting them back into the lumen of the GI tract. Similarly, it has been found that multidrug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (PGP) and members of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) family are over-expressed in capillary endothelial cells in epileptogenic encephalon tissue, and, by transporting anti-epileptic drugs out, these proteins may be responsible for the pharmacoresistance of the epileptic judgment to anti-epileptic drugs (Lscher and Potschka, 2002).... transporters such as P-glycoprotein (PGP) and members of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) family are over-expressed in capillary endothelial cells in epileptogenic brain tissue, and, by transporting anti-epileptic drugs out, these proteins may be responsible for the pharmacoresistance of the epileptic brain to anti-epileptic drugs (Loscher and Potschka, 2002). If a drug is capable of binding to plasma proteins such as albumin, then some of the drug molecules in the bloodstream bind to the proteins, while the remaining unbound drug molecules are available to reach equilibrium across all membranes and reach the target receptor. Thus, plasma protein binding limits the concentration of the drug at its site of action. When the site of action of concern is the brain, the cap tycoon of the drug to cross the blood-brain barrier determines the concentration of administered drug that can reach the target. The more lipophilic the drug in its unbound, non-ionized form, the greater will be its ability to pass through the endothelia l cells forming the blood-brain barrier, and thus the higher will be its bioavailability in the brain. How the pass of judicatory affects the fraction of the drug dose that reaches the target is also important. The most common route of administration is oral, however, this route has several implications on bioavailability, and the dose swallowed will not entirely reach the target site. Only a fraction of the ingested drug is absorbed from the intestine, depending on the factors discussed in the previous paragraph. As more absorption takes frame in the intestine than the stomach, any factor that increases stomach emptying (such as such as fictionalization down on the right side and level of physical activity) increases drug absorption as the